SEKTOR PERTANIAN
Disusun Oleh :
Kelas : 1EB21
Kelompok : 6
1. Adilah
Fauziyyah (20215143)
2. Fakhrani
Rizki Maulida (27215616)
3. Rezka
Herviana Sudibyo (25215857)
UNIVERSITAS
GUNADARMA
ATA 2015/2016
BAB I
A. The Agricultural Sector in
Indonesia
Indonesia is a country
rich with natural resources which scattered widely across regions in Indonesia. Indonesia is an
archipelago known as an agricultural country, which means the majority of
Indonesian people livelihood as farmers.
Agriculture is a primary
sector in economy of Indonesia. This means that
agriculture is the main sector which accounted for almost half of the economy. The farm also has a real
role as a foreign exchange through exports. Therefore it is necessary
the holding of development in the agricultural sector that it can compete in the domestic market
and abroad.
In the
development of the agricultural sector still exists problems, primarily at
developing the agricultural system that is based agribusiness and agroindustry.
The obstacles in agriculture development especially farmers small scale, such
as:
1.
The weak structure capital and access to
capital source. In general ownership capital farmers limited, because the
capital is usually begins qualifying farm income earlier. To capitally farming
next farmers have to choose alternatives, namely borrow money in others more
capable (traders) or all the farming taken first of the store with the
agreement of payment after the harvest.
2.
The availability of land and the soil
fertility. Soil fertility as a factor primary production in farming decreased.
The problem is not only on the lack of land that can be used farmers, it is
also concerned with behavior changes farmers through farming.
3.
The limited ability in technology mastery.
Farmers who acts as managers and workers at his businesses shall have the
knowledge and skill in the use of the various factors input of farming, so it
could give influence on increased productivity and efficiency venture
undertaken.
4.
The weak organization and farming management.
In agriculture, organization that no less important is the farmers. So far, the
farmers have proven to be an association for agriculture development in rural
areas. This can be seen from the merits of farmers groups in relation to
facilitate coordination and the package delivery technology.
5.
Lack of the quantity and quality of human
resources to agribusiness. There are two things that can be seen relating to
human resources, the sum available and quality of human resources itself. Both
it is often taken as an indicator in assessing the existing problems on
agriculture.
B.
The Exchange Rate of Farmers
The exchange rate farmers is one indicator commonly
used to assess the welfare of farmers in rural areas in certain that compares
with basic conditions (setiani, et-al, 2007). The exchange rate farmers is one
indicator production to know the welfare of farmers, as a percentage of price
index comparison of farmers against the price paid by farmers (karmiati, 2006).
The meant of the exchange rate farmers are comparisons between a price index of
farmers (It) with the price paid farmers (Ib) in the percentage.
Price paid farmers are average of retail prices
goods or services who consumed or bought by farmers, to meet the needs of their
own household and need for agricultural production costs.
1. A
price index of farmers (It) and the price paid farmers (Ib) .
It is a indicators welfare farmers and producers in
terms of income, and Ib from the farmers needs to consumed or production.
The
Meaning of Exchange Rates Farmers
a. NTP>100,
farmers experienced surplus. Production prices rose larger than price increase
spending. Farmers income rose greater than his expenditure, the welfare of
farmers better than the welfare of farmers earlier.
b. NTP=100,
farmers experiencing break even. Increase or decrease production of goods price
equal to the percentage of increase or decrease in goods price given food. The
welfare of farmers had not changed.
c. NTP<100,
farmers a deficit in the state. Goods price increase production relatively less
than the goods price increase spending. The welfare of farmers in a period of
decreasing than the welfare of farmers the previous period.
The Importance of The Exchange
Value of Farmers
The exchange rate farmers is important to measured
and known to indicate the state of the welfare of farmers, that provides a
description how much poverty level and success government policy. The exchange
rate farmers also important for measuring the capacity of the exchange of the
agricultural sector to non farming. Fluctuations of NTP show fluctuations real
ability farmers and indicates welfare of farmers
2. The
Factors who affect the exchange rate farmers
a. A price index of farmers (It)
It used to know fluctuations in agricultural
commodities produced farmers.
·
The sub plant groceries (TBM), consisting
of a group of paddy index, a group of plants palawija index, the plant group
vegetables, and the plant group fruits.
·
The sub crops public sector (TRM). There
are clove, ginger, cashew, the distance,
cocoa, rubber, cotton, kapok, cinnamon, coconut, pecan, quinine, coffee,
pepper, nutmeg, panili, cane, tobacco, the, and other crops
b. The
price paid farmers (Ib)
Used to see fluctuations commodity prices consumed
by farmers and goods needed to produce agricultural products.
·
The group of domestic consumption, includes:
a. Index
subgroups food such as meat, fish, poultry, milk, eggs, oil, vegetables, fruit,
nuts, food and another drink.
b. Index
sub groups of housing such as cost, residence, fuel and lighting, household
appliances, the another household who needs.
c. Index
subgroups clothes such as clothing and footwear, personal belongings, clothes
material.
d. Index
sub group goods and services such as health care, personal care, education,
tobacco and cigarettes, and others.
·
Index group production costs and the
addition of capital goods, includes:
a. Index
sub groups such as seeds, fertilizer and medication, for rental animals or
exertion.
b. Index
sub group wages such as laborers.
c. Index
sub other groups, for example expenditure for other needs.
d. Index
sub group the addition of capital goods.
C.
Investment
in Agricultural Sector
Interest
on investment in the agri-food sector is still low, despite having a great
chance. In fact, the private sector plays an important role in the development
of agri-food. Chairman of Contact Farmers and Fishermen (KTNA), Winarno Tohir
said crop farmers need the support of the private sector, because the
partnership that has been established between farmers and the private sector to
enhance the welfare of farmers.
The government suggests
investors pay more attention to the food sector as one of the important sectors
in investing today. Because,
in the face of the world food crisis, the food sector will reap substantial
profits. With the condition of the world food
crisis, he continued, the food sector will be a problem not only in Indonesia,
but also the world. Conditions that may be
opportunities for investors.
The agriculture sector
in Indonesia continuously strived to be improved in the midst of global
competition. Increased
agricultural sector contribute to attract investors to invest in the domestic
market.
D.
Entanglement Agriculture with Manufacturing Industry
If you look of a country which has been more up
first compared than indonesia, at first their emphasises economic development
on agriculture sector to then developed and switched into the industrial
sector. These changes do not run smoothly but with a series of a long process
and of course be as the agriculture, well as the raw materials and the capital
to build industry.
Look on the crisis that has happened, the process of
industrialization gets less proper moment. Eventually Indonesia planned will
become state industry on a time not long again, not materialize until now.
There are several reasons (presented by Dr. Tulus Tambunan
in his book The Economi of Indonesia) why the agricultural sector essential
strong very in the process of industrialization in country, because :
1. The
agricultural sector strong means food security assured and this is one of a
prerequisite is important that the process industrialization in particular and
economic development of generally can run well.
2. The
demand side, development of the agricultural sector strongly making income
levels real per capita the third high be a source of demand for goods nonfood,
especially manufacturing.
3. From
the offer, the agricultural sector are one source of input for the industrial
sector which indonesia has comparative advantages can also produce surplus in
the sector of investment in the industrial sector, especially small scale
industry in rural areas .
If you look it, very important for us to mutually
synergize in increased agricultural productivity. The government in this
stakeholders, creating regulations having the objective of being conformable to
ideals together, allocated funding for agriculture development, to provide
knowledge with the road extension workers empower exertion agriculture to help
farmers maximum.
Bank in this providers of public funds could be more
friendly with farmers, so that the limited funds can be handled with the help
of a bank as providers of funds with interest rate that small, college is very
important to convene research that can be applied directly to increase
agricultural productivity, private expected to invest their capital to make the
factory processing agricultural products that we can increase agricultural
products in line with the increase in manufacturing industries which need raw
materials that we produce from our farmers.
BAB II
Farm machinery and sustainable
agriculture must evolve together
Machinery’s role in an
environmentally sustainable future is one of the issues covered in the
publication.
17
January 2014, Rome – Farm machines have revolutionized
agriculture and reduced drudgery for millions of farm families and workers, but
the machinery of tomorrow will have to do more than that – it will also have to
contribute to agriculture that is environmentally sustainable.
A new FAO book Mechanization for rural development, a review of
patterns and progress from around the world,
explores the inexorable rise of the use of machinery in farmer’s fields,
drawing lessons for policymakers and economists from some of the big winners
and also the regions lagging behind.
For example, Bangladesh went from using human muscle and ox power
in the early 1970s to being one of the most mechanized agricultural economies
in South Asia, with 300 000 low-power 2-wheel tractors, a million diesel
powered irrigation pumps and widespread mechanized crop threshing.
On the other hand, Africa, which has comparatively the most
abundant land resources, has less than 10 percent of mechanization services
provided by engine power. About 25 percent of farm power is provided by draught
animals and over 60 percent by people’s muscles, mostly from women, the elderly
and children.
Mechanization
for rural development draws lessons from these
trends, with in-depth studies of mechanization in countries and regions in
Africa, Asia, the Near East, South America and Eastern Europe, as well as
chapters on themes such as development needs, manufacturing and information
exchange.
“The book delves into many aspects of farm mechanization, not only
how machines will contribute to an environmentally sustainable future, but also
what policies will put machines at the service of family farms so that they too
can profit,” said Ren Wang, Assistant Director General of FAO’s Agriculture and
Consumer Protection Department.
Future
of agriculture
The book also looks to the future, arguing that the design of
agricultural machinery must evolve in parallel with the roll out of Sustainable
Crop Production Intensification (SCPI). That means fewer chemicals, more
efficient use of water, and more efficient use of machines.
Farm machinery needs to be intelligent, lean, precise and efficient
in order to minimize the impact on the soil and the landscape. Two of the
farming activities that have the greatest impact on the environment are soil
tillage, because it can severely damage soil ecology, and pesticide
application.
Conservation agriculture is an approach that reduces or eliminates
soil tillage and pesticide use. To control weeds, conserve soil moisture and
avoid soil disturbance, a mulch layer of crop residue is retained on the
unploughed field.
Special machinery is needed to plant seeds and apply fertilizer
through the mulch at the correct depth without disturbing the crop residues. An
added advantage to this type of mechanization is that, without the need for
high-draught tillage, lower powered and therefore cheaper tractors can be used.
These lighter machines have the added advantage of not compacting and therefore
damaging the soil like a heavy tractor would.
The use of agrochemicals for the management of insect pests,
disease and weeds can have a significant impact on the environment. Besides
reducing pesticide use overall through integrated pest management including
biological control, when chemicals are necessary they can be used with greater
precision since it is estimated that about 50 percent of all pesticides applied
do not reach their intended target. Many technological innovations exist to
improve this situation, for example, low drift nozzles and spray shields.
In irrigation, technologies such as micro sprinklers or drip
irrigation that save water and consume less power are the environmentally
friendly way of the future, according to the book.
Defeating
poverty
Mechanization
for Rural Development argues that government policies should
encourage the agricultural machinery sector to develop markets for agricultural
mechanization, especially for conservation agriculture, and to establish the
required infrastructures.
“Such support, especially to the smallholder sector, can have a
dramatic impact in moving farm families out of poverty into a more profitable,
commercially oriented agriculture,” said the book’s lead editor Josef Kienzle.
“The global agricultural machinery industry should provide more
support to smallholder farmers with equipment designs and models that better
suit the needs of smallholder farmers and service providers,” he said. “Without
this change in the machinery sector, the needs of developing countries for food
security, poverty alleviation, economic growth and environmental protection
cannot be achieved”.
Analysis:
Farm machines have
revolutionized agriculture and reduced drudgery for millions of farm families
and workers. FAO has realized a new book “Mechanization for rural development, a review of patterns
and progress from around the world” for explores the inexorable
rise of the use of machinery in farmer’s fields.
This book provide us for
using a machine to make more profit, and they didn’t only tell how machines
will contribute to an environmentally sustainable future but aspects of farm
mechanization also told too.
The book also looks to the
future, arguing that the design of agricultural machinery must evolve in
parallel with the roll out of Sustainable Crop Production Intensification
(SCPI). Farm machinery needs to be intelligent, lean, precise and efficient in
order to minimize the impact on the soil and the landscape.
Special machinery is needed
to plant seeds and apply fertilizer through the mulch at the correct depth
without disturbing the crop residues. An added advantage to this type of
mechanization is that, without the need for high-draught tillage, lower powered
and therefore cheaper tractors can be used.
Mechanization for Rural Development argues that government policies should encourage the agricultural machinery sector to develop markets for agricultural mechanization, especially for conservation agriculture, and to establish the required infrastructures.
DAFTAR PUSTAKA
